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Everything about Type 2 Diabetes - Know, Prevent, Accept, Manage & Live

Writer's picture: Dharmesh ShahDharmesh Shah

Everything about Diabetes
Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that significantly affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the body fails to use insulin properly, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar by facilitating the absorption of glucose into cells, where it is either used for energy or stored for later use. In people with type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, the body's cells resist the insulin or a combination of both issues occurs, leading to persistently high blood glucose levels. Over time, this condition can damage various organs immune system and tissues, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle management.


Understanding Type 2 Diabetes


Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of all diabetes cases. Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is primarily autoimmune and not preventable, type 2 diabetes often develops due to a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. This condition is typically associated with insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to increased blood sugar levels.



Blood Sugar Testing
Insulin Resistance


To understand type 2 diabetes, it's essential to grasp the role of insulin in the body. After consuming food, the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which then enters the bloodstream. The pancreas responds by releasing insulin, which helps glucose enter cells where it is utilized for energy or stored. In people with type 2 diabetes, this process is disrupted. Insulin resistance prevents glucose from entering the cells efficiently, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels.



Type 2 diabetes isn't a one-size-fits-all condition. It can be classified into various subtypes, each with its unique characteristics and risks:


  1. Mild Age-Related Diabetes (MARD):

    This is the most common subtype, representing about 39% of cases. MARD generally occurs in older adults and is associated with modest difficulties in controlling blood sugar levels. Fortunately, complications are usually minimal.

  2. Mild Obesity-Related Diabetes (MOD): 

    MOD, accounting for around 22% of cases, primarily affects individuals with obesity. Unlike other forms of diabetes, MOD typically does not involve insulin resistance and is generally milder with fewer complications.

  3. Severe Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (SIDD):

    Representing about 18% of cases, SIDD is more severe and often affects younger individuals with healthy body weight. These individuals have low insulin production, leading to poor glucose metabolism and a higher risk of complications such as nerve damage and blindness.

  4. Severe Insulin-Resistant Diabetes (SIRD):

    SIRD, making up about 15% of cases, is characterized by significant insulin resistance, often in individuals with obesity. Common complications include kidney and liver issues.


Additionally, prediabetes is a related condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes. Prediabetes affects one in three adults in the United States and can be reversed with lifestyle changes such as weight management, healthy eating, and regular physical activity.



Type 2 Diabetes
Symptoms Causes Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes


The symptoms of type 2 diabetes can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe. Some people may experience subtle symptoms that go unnoticed, while others might experience more pronounced changes in their health. Common symptoms include:


  • Blurry vision

  • Dry skin

  • Fatigue and weakness

  • Increased hunger and thirst

  • Frequent urination

  • Irritability

  • Pain, tingling, or numbness in the hands and feet

  • Slow-healing sores, cuts, and bruises

  • Unintentional weight loss


It's important to note that nearly half of all people with type 2 diabetes are unaware of their condition, as the symptoms can be so mild that they go unnoticed.



The primary cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. However, several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition, including:


  • Age: While type 2 diabetes can affect individuals of all ages, it is more common in people over 45.

  • Family History: A family history of type 2 diabetes increases your risk.

  • Gestational Diabetes: Women who have had gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

  • High Blood Pressure: Certain medications for high blood pressure can increase diabetes risk.

  • Low HDL Cholesterol: Having low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.

  • Physical Inactivity: A lack of regular exercise can lead to higher blood sugar levels and increased risk.

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS, a hormonal disorder affecting the ovaries, is linked to insulin resistance and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.

  • Smoking: Smokers are 30% to 40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to non-smokers.

  • Weight: Obesity is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, as excess body weight is closely associated with insulin resistance.



Diagnosing type 2 diabetes involves measuring blood glucose levels through various tests. Healthcare providers typically use one or more of the following tests to confirm a diagnosis:


  1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: This test measures blood glucose levels after at least eight hours of fasting. A reading of 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

  2. A1C Test: The A1C test measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months. A result of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

  3. Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) Test: This test can be done at any time of the day without fasting. A reading of 200 mg/dL or higher suggests diabetes.

  4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test measures the body's response to glucose. After fasting, a person drinks a sugary solution, and their blood glucose levels are measured over several hours. A reading of 200 mg/dL or higher after two hours indicates diabetes.



The primary goal of treating type 2 diabetes is to manage blood sugar levels and prevent complications. Treatment plans vary depending on the severity of the condition, overall health, and lifestyle. Common approaches include:


  1. Medications: 

    Some individuals with type 2 diabetes may need oral medications to control their blood sugar levels. Insulin injections are typically reserved for type 1 diabetes but may be prescribed for type 2 diabetes if other treatments are ineffective.

  2. Lifestyle Changes:

    A nutritious diet, regular physical activity, and weight management are fundamental to managing type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the Diabetes Plate Method, which involves filling half of your plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with lean proteins, and a quarter with carbohydrates.



With nearly 90 million adults in the United States living with prediabetes, preventing the progression to type 2 diabetes is a public health priority. Fortunately, adopting a healthier lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk:


  • Support Systems: Building a support system can help you stay accountable to your health goals.

  • Healthy Eating: A low-fat diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help regulate blood sugar levels.

  • Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity helps lower blood sugar and improves insulin sensitivity.

  • Limiting Tobacco and Alcohol: Reducing or eliminating tobacco use and moderating alcohol intake can lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.


Programs like the National Diabetes Prevention Program offer Lifestyle Change Programs that pair participants with health coaches to guide them in adopting healthier habits.



Related Health Conditions


Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of developing several related health conditions, including:

  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Affecting nearly 25% of people with type 2 diabetes, CKD can lead to kidney failure if left untreated.

  • Heart Disease: Approximately 32.2% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are affected by heart disease.

  • Hyperlipidemia: This condition, characterized by high levels of fat in the blood, affects more than 75% of people with type 2 diabetes and can complicate the management of blood sugar levels.

  • Hypertension: High blood pressure affects over 80% of people with type 2 diabetes, increasing the risk of heart disease.

  • Obesity: Obesity is a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes, with about 78% of individuals with type 2 diabetes being overweight or obese.



Managing type 2 diabetes requires ongoing care and attention to both physical and emotional health. While the condition can be life-altering, adopting a proactive approach to treatment and lifestyle changes can help individuals lead fulfilling lives.

It's normal to experience feelings of sadness or frustration when dealing with a chronic disease. However, there are numerous ways to cope, including:


  • Healthy Cooking: Preparing nutritious meals with loved ones can support your health and foster connection.

  • Staying Active: Engaging in enjoyable physical activities can help manage blood sugar levels and improve mood.

  • Seeking Support: Staying in contact with healthcare providers and reaching out to mental health professionals when needed can provide valuable support.

  • Mindfulness Practices: Listening to calming music, practicing meditation, and engaging in deep breathing exercises can help manage stress and promote emotional well-being.


Living with type 2 diabetes may require adjustments, but with the right strategies, individuals can enjoy a high quality of life while effectively managing their condition.


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